![]() When everything changes at once: finding a new normal after genome duplication. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 49: 253– 278. Integrating networks, phylogenomics, and population genomics for the study of polyploidy. Blischak PD, Mabry ME, Conant GC, Pires JC.Genomic and meiotic changes accompanying polyploidization. Blasio F, Prieto P, Pradillo M, Naranjo T.The causes and consequences of subgenome dominance in hybrids and recent polyploids. Bird KA, VanBuren R, Puzey JR, Edger PP.Replaying the evolutionary tape to investigate subgenome dominance in allopolyploid Brassica napus. Bird KA, Niederhuth CE, Ou S, Gehan M, Pires JC, Xiong Z, VanBuren R, Edger PP.Methods in Molecular Biology 1112: 25– 32. The gene balance hypothesis: dosage effects in plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 109: 14746– 14753. Gene balance hypothesis: connecting issues of dosage sensitivity across biological disciplines. Cytogenetic and Genome Research 112: 307– 312. Identification of intergenomic recombinations in unisexual salamanders of the genus Ambystoma by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). The genome sequence of segmental allotetraploid peanut Arachis hypogaea. Bertioli DJ, Jenkins J, Clevenger J, Dudchenko O, Gao D, Seijo G, Leal-Bertioli SCM, Ren L, Farmer AD, Pandey MK et al.Plant Biotechnology Journal 19: 2488– 2500. Modelling of gene loss propensity in the pangenomes of three Brassica species suggests different mechanisms between polyploids and diploids. Bayer PE, Scheben A, Golicz AA, Yuan Y, Faure S, Lee H, Chawla HS, Anderson R, Bancroft I, Raman H et al.Molecular Biology and Evolution 36: 97– 111. Recombination and large structural variations shape interspecific edible bananas genomes. Baurens F-C, Martin G, Hervouet C, Salmon F, Yohomé D, Ricci S, Rouard M, Habas R, Lemainque A, Yahiaoui N et al.Polyploid plants have faster rates of multivariate niche differentiation than their diploid relatives. Baniaga AE, Marx HE, Arrigo N, Barker MS. ![]() Effects of crossovers between homeologs on inheritance and population genomics in polyploid-derived salmonid fishes. Allendorf FW, Bassham S, Cresko WA, Limborg MT, Seeb LW, Seeb JE.Current Opinion in Plant Biology 54: 108– 113. One subgenome to rule them all: underlying mechanisms of subgenome dominance. We identify critical research gaps and discuss future directions with far-reaching implications in understanding allopolyploid evolution and applying them to the development of important phenotypic traits of polyploid crops. Here, we describe recent observations of the common patterns among allopolyploid angiosperm lineages, underlying genomic and epigenomic features, and consequences of HEs. Recent technological advances show promise in uncovering the mechanistic basis of HEs. The causes and consequences of this variation are not fully understood, though interest in this evolutionary phenomenon has increased in the last decade. However, HE patterns vary among lineages, across generations, and even within individual genomes and chromosomes. By contrast, HEs could act as sources of novel evolutionary substrates, shifting the relative dosage of parental gene copies, generating novel phenotypic diversity, and helping the establishment of neo-allopolyploids. Homoeologous exchanges (HEs) may lead to the formation of unbalanced gametes, reduced fertility, and selective disadvantage. The outcome of this meiotic pairing behavior is dynamic and complex. Homoeologous chromosomes (chromosomes with common shared ancestry) may undergo recombination immediately after allopolyploid formation and continue over successive generations. Allopolyploids result from hybridization between different evolutionary lineages coupled with genome doubling.
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